The Two
Wills in Man
by Rev. Francis A. Baker
Fourth Sunday after Easter
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“The spirit
indeed is willing, but the flesh is weak.” Matthew 26:41
I
A
The word “flesh” here does not mean the body, but the lower or sensitive part of the soul in which the fleshly appetites reside. Our Lord is warning St. Peter of the necessity of prayer in order to meet the temptation which was coming upon him, and He tells him not to trust to the willingness of his spirit, that is, his good intentions and resolutions, because he had an inferior nature which might easily be excited to evil, and which in the hour of temptation might, without a special grace of God drag his will into sin.
B
What our Lord is declaring, then, is the fact attested by universal experience, that there are in the heart of man two conflicting principles – inordinate passion on one side, and reason and grace on the other. This truth, though so well known, touches our happiness and salvation too closely not to possess at all times an interest and importance for each one of us; and I propose, therefore, to make it the subject of my remarks this morning.
II
A
In the first place, then, what is the source and nature of the conflict thus indicated by our Lord? Whence does it arise? How does it come to pass that there are these two principles within us? How does it happen that every child of man finds himself drawn, more or less, in two contrary ways, toward virtue and toward vice, toward God and toward the devil, toward Heaven and toward Hell?
B
The answer commonly given is, that this conflict we feel within us comes from the fall, that it is the fruit of original sin. But the fall, according to the Catholic doctrine, introduced no new principle into our nature, infused no poison into it, and deprived it of none of its essential elements. We must look farther back, then, than the fall for the radical source of this conflict; and we find it in the very essential constitution of our nature.
C
Man, in his very nature, is twofold. He is created and finite, yet he has a divine and eternal destiny. He has a body and a soul, and therefore he must have all the passions which are necessary to his animal and sensible life, as well as the intellectual and moral powers which are necessary to his spiritual life.
D
Here, then, we have, in the very idea of man’s nature, the possibility of a conflict. We have two different principles, which it is conceivable might come into collision. Man’s appetites and passions, no less than his reason, are given to him by God, are good, are necessary, but since his appetites and passions are blind principles, it is conceivable that they might demand gratifications which would not be in accordance with his reason and spiritual nature.
E
As human nature was at first constituted by the Almighty, any actual collision between these parts was prevented by a gift, which is called “the gift of integrity.” A gift which was no essential part of our nature, but was conferred on it my mere grace, and which bound together the various powers of the soul in a wondrous harmony, so that the movements of passion were always in submission to reason.
F
When Adam sinned, this grace was withdrawn from him; and since it was no necessary part of our nature, since it was given of mere grace, it was withdrawn from the whole human race. Hence men now find in themselves an actual conflict between the higher and lower parts of the soul. In a complicated piece of machinery, if a bolt or belt is broken that bound it together, the parts clash. Each part may in itself remain unchanged, but it no longer acts harmoniously with the other parts.
G
So in fallen man, the bolt that braced the soul together is broken, and the powers of the soul clash together. The passions, the will, the reason, all, in themselves, remain as they were, undepraved; but they are no longer in harmony together, and man finds himself weakened by an intestine conflict. This, together with the loss of supernatural grace and a supernatural destiny, is the evil which, according to Catholic theology, accrued to man by the fall.
III
A
This conflict, then, which we find within us; this clamor of the lower nature against the higher; this propensity of the passions to rebel against reason – in other words, this proneness to sin, which is the universal experience of humanity, does not prove that we have lost any constituent part of our nature, that there is anything positively vicious in us, nor does it prove that we are hateful to God.
B
It proves, indeed, that we are not divine, that we are not angels, that we are not in the condition of human nature before Adam’s transgression; it proves that a source of weakness, inherent in our nature, has been developed by the fall, that we need grace; but it gives not the slightest reason for supposing that our manhood has been wrecked, that the will is not free, that the reason of man has been extinguished, or that the passions are not in themselves good, and have not their legitimate sphere and exercise.
C
So true is this, that this propensity to sin remains even in the baptized. Baptism does a great deal for a man. It takes away original sin, by supplying that justifying grace which our race forfeited in Adam. It restores to man his supernatural destiny. In the language of the Council of Trent, it renders the, newly-baptized “innocent, immaculate, pure, harmless, and beloved of God, an heir of God, and a joint heir with Christ, so that there is nothing whatever to retard his entrance into heaven.”
D
But there is one thing it does not do. It does not remove the propensity of the passions to rebel. And the council uses this fact – the concupiscence remains in the baptized – to prove that concupiscence, or the propensity to evil, cannot itself be sin; and enforces its conclusion by the seal of infallibility and the warrant of its censures, saying: “If anyone is of the contrary sentiment” (that is, declares that the incentive to sin, which remains in the baptized, has in it the true and proper nature of sin), “let him be anathema.” (Council of Trent, Session V, Decree on Original Sin)
IV
A
Thus, Christianity explains the origin of this conflict in the human heart, in a manner agreeable to reason and human experience. But it does more. It reveals to us the purpose of this conflict. Why does our Lord leave us subject to this strife?
B
The same holy Council I have quoted already, answers distinctly; this incentive to sin is left in the soul “to be wrestled with.” The state of the case is this: The passions desire to be gratified without waiting for the sanction of reason, sometimes even in defiance of reason. Morally speaking, this is no evil. The passions are but blind instincts; it is the province of the will to retrain them in their proper limits, and to help her in this work she has reason and the grace of God.
C
If she fails to do her work, then she sins. Whenever sin is committed, it is the will that commits it. It is only the will that can sin. The sin lies not in the inordinate desire, but in the will’s not resisting that desire. The will is the viceroy of God in the heart, appointed to keep that kingdom in peace. And herein lies the root of Christian morality, the secret of sanctification, and the essence of human probation.
D
We speak of outward actions of sin; but all sin goes back to the will. There was the treason. “Out of the heart,” says our Blessed Lord, “proceed murders, adultery, fornications, thefts, false testimonies, blasphemies.” (Matthew 15:19) Each black deed is done in the secret chamber of the heart before the hand proceeds to execute it. Each false, impure, and blasphemous word is whispered first by the will before the lips utter it.
E
Yes, man’s heart is the battle-field. There is the scene of action. We speak sometimes of a man’s being alone or being idle: why, a man is never alone; never idle. He may, indeed, be silent, his hands may be still, no one may be near him; but in that kingdom within great events are going on all the time. Angels and saints are there. The armies of Heaven and the armies of Hell meet there. Attack and repulse, parley and defiance, truce and surrender, stratagem and treason, victory and defeat – are things of daily occurrence there.
V
A
Of course, this is all very well known, very simple, very elementary, but yet there are some who never seem to understand it. They do not understand it who confound temptation with sin. This is a mistake often made, and by those too who ought to know better. If a man feels a strong inclination to evil, if an evil thought passes through his mind, or a doubt against the faith assails him, immediately he imagines that he has fallen under God’s displeasure.
B
To state such an error is to refute it. Never, my brethren, fall into this mistake. No: between temptation and sin there lies all that gulf that separates Heaven from Hell. Let the devil fill your mind with the most horrid thoughts, let all your lower nature be in rebellion, let you have temptations to unbelief, to despair, to blasphemy; yet if that queenly will of yours keeps her place, if she stand steadfast and immovable, not only have you not sinned, but you are purer, more spiritual, more full of faith and reverence than if you had had no such trial.
C
When St. Agnes was before the heathen judge, he ordered her to be sent to the brothels and thrown among harlots, but she answered: “I shall come out of the place virgin as I enter it.” Yes, all the powers of earth and hell cannot make a resolute soul commit a single sin. It is said that the walls of the house of prostitution, to which the holy maiden was condemned, still stand, and form the walls of a church dedicated in her honor – a visible proof how the soul, faithful to itself and God, turns the very means and instruments of its temptations into trophies of its most magnificent victories.
VI
A
Nor do those understand the nature of the Christian conflict who make strong passions the pretext for the neglect of religious duties. There are such. Their hearts are too tumultuous, their passions too strong, their virtue too weak, their circumstances too difficult; and they must wait till they become more composed, calmer, more devout, until religion becomes more natural to them.
B
Error, dangerous as common! I tell you, Christianity takes hold of every man just as he is, and just where he is, and claims him. No doubt, a quiet temper, a tranquil disposition, a devout spirit, are valuable gifts, but the root of religion does not lie in them, but in the will. That is it. God never intended religion to be confined to the passive and gentle, and to be neglected by the strong and impulsive.
C
You, young man of pleasure; you, man of business and enterprise; you, proud and worldly man; you, passionate woman, with your wild and wayward nature, God, this day, here and now challenges you: “Why are you not working with Me, and for Me? Why are you not religious?” “Me!” you say, “it is impossible. I am sensual and avaricious, I am selfish and revengeful, I am full of hatred and jealousy, I am worldly to the heart’s core.”
D
No matter: you know what is right; are you willing to do it? “Oh! I cannot. I do not love God. My heart is cold.” No matter: are you willing to serve God with a cold heart? That is the question. “I cannot, I cannot. I have no faith. I cannot pray. I have not a particle of spirituality. Religion is wearisome to me, and strange. It is as much as I can do to stay through a High Mass.”
E
No matter, I say once more. Do you want to have faith? Are you willing to practice what you do believe? Then if you are, begin your work here and now. You cannot be of so rough a nature that Christ will reject you. No matter who you are and what you are, no matter what your trials have been, and what your past life, if you are a man, with a human heart, with human reason and a human will, Christ calls you by your name, and points out a way that will lead you to peace and heaven.
VII
A
But least of all do they understand the nature of the Christian life, who make temptation an apology for sin; who excuse themselves for a wrong action by simply saying, “I was tempted.” Far be it from me, my brethren, to undervalue the danger of temptation, or to forget the frailty of the human heart, or to lack compassion for the fallen; but it is one thing to fall and bewail one’s fall, and another to make the temptation all but a justification of the fall.
B
And are there not some who do this? who do not seek temptation, but invariably yield to it when it comes across them? who only steal when some trifle falls in their way; who only curse when they are angry; who only neglect Mass when they feel lazy and self-indulgent; and are always sober and chaste except when the occasion invites to libertinism and intemperance! What! Is this Christianity?
C
To abstain from sin as long as we have no particular inclination to commit it, and to fall into it as soon as we have! O miserable man, O miserable woman, go and learn the very first principles of the doctrine of Christ. Go to the Fount of Baptism, and ask why you renounced Satan, and promised to keep God’s commandments. Go to the Bible and learn why Christ died, and what is the duty of His followers.
D
Temptations come upon you in order that you may resist them. You are subject to gusts of anger, in order that you may become meek. You are tempted to impurity, in order that you may become pure. You are tempted against faith, that you may learn to believe. That you are tempted, is precisely the reason that you should not yield; for it shows that your hour is come, and the question is whether you will belong to Christ or Satan.
VIII
A
Yes, my brethren, our conflict is for the trial of our virtue. It is a universal law of humanity. It was so even in the garden of Eden. In the fields of Paradise, where the trees were in their fresh verdure, and the air breathed a perpetual spring, and all things spoke of innocence and peace, there Adam had to meet this trial. And each child of man since then has met it in his turn. And Christians must meet it too. In the sheltered sanctuary of the Church, were we have so many privileges, so much to strengthen and gladden us, even there each one must abide the test.
B
As the Canaanite was left in the promised land, to keep the children of Israel in vigilance and activity, so the sting of the flesh, the power of our inferior nature, is left in the baptized, to school us in virtue, to make us men, to make us Christians, to make us saints. This is the foundation principle of religion. He who has learned this, has found out the riddle of life.
IX
A
And now, my brethren, that I have explained to you the source of the conflict that we feel within us, and the purpose it is designed to answer, you will see what the result of it must be, how it issues in the two eternities that are before us. “He that sows in his flesh, of the flesh also shall reap corruption; but he that sows in the Spirit, of the Spirit shall reap life everlasting.” (Galatians 6:8)
B
The Judgment Day is but the revelation of the faithfulness or unfaithfulness of each one of us in the struggle to which he has been called. Every act, every choice we make, tells for that great account. The day will declare it. Then the secret of each man’s heart shall be revealed, and how that battle in his heart has been fought. Oh, what a spectacle must this world present to the angels who look down upon the solemn strife that is going on here below!
C
There is a man who has ceased to strive. No longer making any resistance, he is led on wholly and completely by his inferior nature. The slave of sin, he hardly feels the conflict in his soul, but it is because the voice of reason and the voice of grace have been so long resisted that they have become almost silent. And there are others who have given up the pure strife, but not so determinedly, not so completely. Occasionally they have better moments, regrets for the good they have forsaken, but still they float on with the careless world.
D
And there is the young girl taking her first step on the downward road, looking back to the father’s house she is leaving, reluctant, but consenting. Then there is the penitent, who has fallen but risen again; who has learned wariness from his fall, and new confidence in God from His mercy and goodness, and who is striving by penance and prayer to make up what he has lost. And there is the man with feeble will, ever sinning and ever lamenting his sin, divided between good and evil, with too little to master them completely.
E
And there is the soul severely tried, still struggling but almost overwhelmed, and out of the depths calling upon God the Holy and True, “Come to my aid, O God.” And there is the soul strong in virtue, strong in a thousand victories, which stands unmoved amid temptations, like the deep-rooted tree in a storm, or like the rock beaten by the waves.
F
Oh, yes, in the sight of the angels, this world is full of interest. There is nothing here trivial and common-place. What prophecies of the future must they not read! What saints do they see, ripening for Heaven! What sinners rushing madly to Hell! What unlooked-for falls! What unexpected conversions! What hidden sins, unsuspected by the world! Now they must rejoice, and now they must weep. Now they tremble over some soul in danger, and now they exult because the danger is over.
G
So it is now; but when the end shall come, then fear and hope shall be nor more, the conflict will be ended, the books shall be opened, and the secrets of the heart published to the universe. The struggle of life will be past, only its results will remain – two separate bands, one on either side of the Judge, the good and the wicked, those who have been true to their conscience, to reason, to grace, and those who have not.
X
A
Well, then, we will strive manfully against sin. There are untold capacities in us for good and evil. God said to Rebecca: “Two nations are in your womb, and two peoples shall be divided out of your womb, and one people shall overcome the other.” (Genesis 25:23) So, my brethren, in each heart there are two powers struggling for the mastery – the Spirit and the Flesh. There are two sets of off-spring struggling for the birth – “the works of the flesh, which are immodesty, uncleanness, fornication, enmities, wrath, envies, emulations, quarrels, murders, drunkenness, reveling; and the works of the spirit, which are love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, faith, modesty, continence, chastity.”
B
It is for the will, with and under God’s grace, to say which of these shall overcome the other. Do you say that I put too much on the will? That the will is too weak to decide this fearful contest? O brethren, the will is not weak. On the side of God and with the help of God, it is irresistible. Look at the martyrs’ will. Did it not carry; them through fire and sword? Did it not enable them to meet death with joy?
C
This is our mistake, we do not know our strength. We know our weakness, but we do not know our strength. We think God is to help us, independently of ourselves, and not through ourselves. But this is not so, God helps us by strengthening our will, by enlightening our reason, by directing our conscience. We cannot distinguish between what God does and what we do in any act. The two act together.
D
Therefore, I say, you have it in your power to resist sin, you have it in your power to become saints. No matter though your evil dispositions have been increased by past sins, you can overcome evil habits, and be what God wills you to be. Only do not be contented with a superficial religion, a religion of feelings, and frames, and sensible consolation.
E
Go down deep, go down to the will. Let the sword of the Lord probe till it pierces even “to the division of the soul and the spirit,” the point at which our higher and lower natures meet each other. Make your religion not a sham, but a reality. School yourself for heaven.
F
Day by day fight the good fight of faith, and thus merit at last to die like a holy man at whose death St. Vincent of Paul assisted: “He is gone to heaven,” said the saint, speaking of M. Sillery, “like a monarch going to take possession of his kingdom, with a strength, a confidence, a peace, a meekness, which cannot be expressed.”